Content:

1. Veronika Wittman         “Farewell Nation – State & Welcome World Society? / The Nation-State in the Systems-Theoretical Approach / “……………………......................….…......................................................03
 2. Jagdish Khatri “De-Globalization to Re-Globalization- it's time for new Perspectives"...................20
 3. Musa S. Dibadj ”Placing Geographia: (Philosophy of Place and the Subject- matter of Geographia)” …………………………………………………………….……..……………......................…......................….…..30
4. Parvis Hanson, Zoran R. Vitorovic...” New 21st Century Diplomacy: Humans vs. Smart autonomous Robots and  A.I.'s”....................................................................................................................50 
5. Gabriel C.D:Lopes “ Neuroscience at the Service of Learning and Education...................................61
6. Ahmed Barrani ” Youth Policies in the Middle East- Leveraging Young Leaders   for     SocioeconomicDevelopment”…………...............................................……..................….................................71
7. Rubin Zemon” Identity politics: Case of Torbeshi community in NorthMacedonia”.....................75 
8. Ahmed Aytaç ” Some Archive Documents related to carpets subjects to Ottoman Archives Finance Records” …………...……………………………………………................……..................................………………92   9. Kubra Aliyeva” Actions and military exploits of the Great Albanian King Javanshir and his contribution to the history of Azerbaijan  Statehood” ……....………………………………….....................……105 
10. Mariam Bregvadze” The Bipolar Nature of Digital Diplomacy: Balancing Threats and Security” ……………………………………………………………...........................................…..............................................………117   

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1.  Farewell Nation-State & Welcome World Society?
         /TheNation-State in the Systems-Theoretical Approach /  ​                                              

                                                                                                                by  Assoc.Uni- Prof. Dr. Veronika Wittmann   

 Introduction   

  At the beginning of the third millennium social scientific discipline shave to broaden their view on a new global social, political, economic and cultural frame of reference. The enhancement of a perspective on the world horizon calls for scientists to exceed familiar boundaries.

The variety of border-crossing undertakings in social sciences include conceptualizations of world society and the changing role of the nation-state. The cognitive interest of the paper is a dissociation of nation-state-related social models and a broadening of the view on world society. Within the conceptual framework of world society, social structures, processes, fields and interdependencies are recognizable which are de facto decoupled from a nation-state system.

The term world society is used – despite its complexity – as a central concept of the paper’s subject definition. At this point it is important to note that the term society– as a central concept in sociology – as well as the variations of the term content ranging from International Society(see Bull/Watson 1984; Buzan 2004) to Transnational Society(see Burton 1972; Kaiser 1969), Global Society(see Albrow 1996; Crossley/Lees/Servos 2004) up to the term World Society(see for the different schools of thought on the term Wittmann 2011)itself – in terms of their definitions, glossary of terms and uses of the terms – are clearly distinct from conceptualizations of world society. Goal of the paper is to understand worldsociety and its nexus to the nation-stateas a context, as an object and also as a challenge to socialsciences. Here the focus is directed to the question on the role ofthe nation-state in a specific discourse on world society.

For a substantial part of the article, the systems-theoretical conceptualization of world society and its nexus to the nation-states demonstrated. The following part begins with an illustration of the terms of the nation-state and world society, then the systems-theoretical conceptualization of world society is demonstrated, and thirdly an outlook of this conceptualization of world society is presented. 

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  2.De-Globalization to Re-Globalization:It's time for new Perspectives

                                                  By Prof. Jagdish Khatri,Ph.D   

The Era of Globalization     

      We have all been a witness to the significant era of Globalization that helped in creating a boundary-less world allowing free movement and exchange of products, services, technology, capital, people and ideas across nations and continents. The gradual interlinking of various regions, countries and people has been one of the most positive developments in this era. In past three decades, the process of globalization has helped in lifting millions of people above poverty, with the share of people living in extreme poverty in the developing world falling from47% to only 14%.

 Ther has seen significant improvement in the quality of living. Average life expectancy rose from 48 to 71 years, albeit with difference between countries. Infant & maternal mortality rate has almost halved. The process of globalization has provided opportunities to underdeveloped parts of the world to increase their GDP; encouraged communities to acquire new skills, and given employment opportunities to people irrespective of their background across the continents. World trade has multiplied several times during this period.  

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  3. Placing Geographia:“Philosophy of Place” and the Subject- matter of Geographia

                                                                   Prof. Musa S. Dibadj,Ph.D 

Summary: 

  Philosophy as the fundamental Knowledge of being, as well as the substantial knowledge of all natural and human sciences, conditionalizes all other branches of sciences through its basic and important questioning.

  The general philosophical ideas might convey certainty or uncertainty of propositions to other kind of geographical propositions. The vast broad of philosophical doubts and destabilized world- views can bring the geographical propositions to the level of uncertainty and hesitation. Occasionally in different articles such as Farideh Makniehand Arschia Makanieh(written in Persian) related to the concept of space as a pure one or the concept of place I have discussed the absolute and non-conditional certainty hidden in the concept of space.

  The self certainty of the concept of space deserves much attending above other supper philosophical concepts as being, truth, substance or else, this certainty seems as a unique solution for difficult questions inhuman knowledge and epistemology as well as for fundamental paradoxes or perplexities hidden in the subject matter of Geography.

  Within different divisions of geographies, appeared from Ptolemais time until now, the idea of substantiality of space/ place can surely direct us to unveil the true meaning of determined and particular places. In geographical knowledge, including the various ’divisions, natural as well as human geography, the place accepted as the same and one subject matter.     

   Withall different intentions, beliefs and personal tendencies and views, so far, all geographers agreed the place as the most united subject that assisted geography became generally a unique knowledge compare to the other human sciences, in example, the rival knowledge of history, fulfilled by rather stable and reliable statements and propositions, far from, doubt and hesitancy. It is said that Strabo wished a geographer- become finally a philosopher, indeed this wish has been realized from the starting phase of geography even before appearing of Strabo.  

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   4. New 21st Century Diplomacy: Humans vs. Smart autonomous Robots and A.I.'s
                        by Prof. Zoran R. Vitorovic,Ph.D & Prof. Parvis Hanson Ph.D.  

       Abstract:  

   In this paper the authors are analyzing present momentous of developing of human civilization in accordance with 4th Industrial Revolutions, robotics and digitalization (4IR). Speed of technological changes had started to bring to humans several important challenges. Many of them will soon change the basic paradigms of human life.

    The authors are asking what would be future relation between Humans and Smart autonomous Robot’s? If humans like to save their own civilization, the authors are proposing that we all start now to define Rules of peaceful coexistence with smart Robot's and a New Diplomacy for 21st  Century.           

  Keywords:4IR, smart, Robots, diplomacy, paradigms (continue reading...)

 5. Neuroscience at the Service of Learning and Education 
                          by Prof. Gabriel C.D. Lopes, Ph.D.   

    Abstract:   

    This article reflects on Neuroscience as an adjunct to Pedagogy, seeks to understand the development of the brain and its contributions to the teaching process, to contribute to the learning of new skills for the21st century. In the meantime, the educator's understanding of the brain and its functioning is fundamental to its performance in the classroom. In a bibliographic, qualitative descriptive research work, the objective here was to discuss the performance of the five brains, and within a socio-historical conception, based on the Vygotskian theory to debate neuroscience as a learning tool.

  The importance of educating the brain biology on the part of the educator to identify its plasticity and cognitive, affective, emotional, motor and anatomical dimensions is emphasized and using this understanding as a tool for his actions in the classroom, thus correlating neuroscience and school learning    
  Keywords: Neuroscience, Brain , Plasticity and Learning ​ 

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   6.Youth Policies in the Middle East and RussiaLeveraging Young Leaders                         for Socioeconomic Development

                                                                    by Eng. Ahmed Barrani

      Abstract

  Thispaper examines youth policies in the Middle East and Russia,focusing on the role of young leaders in driving socioeconomicdevelopment. It explores the current state of youth policies, thechallenges faced by young leaders, and strategies to enhance their effectiveness in leadership positions.

Keywords: Youth,Middle East, Leadership, Developments 

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   7. Identity politics: Case of Torbeshi community in North Macedonia

                                                  by Prof. Rubin Zemon, Ph.D. 

   
      Abstract                

   The development of identities among the Muslims in the Balkan states at the end of the XX and beginning of XXI century is an issue that has very deep social, cultural, economic and political consequences and in various Balkan states we could see various context, circumstances, and state strategies and polices. Ethnic and national identities among Muslims in the Balkans are very changeable.

  The processes of identity building and identification of Slavic speaking Muslims caused many ethnic, demographic and politic consequences in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia (in a Sandzak region), Montenegro, Kosovo, Albania…However, the most dramatic issue is in North Macedonia, with the development or fluctuation of the identity of the Torbeshi community. The estimated number of this community in North Macedonia is around150,000 people and the identity fluctuates among Muslim Macedonians, Albanians and Turks. But, in the last 20 years, the identification of people with the Torbeshi identity as a separate and particular community in Macedonia causes many reactions in the political antiscientific circles in Macedonia. In this paper we analyze and elaborate different identification, ethnic, demographic and political processes and phenomenon among the Macedonian speaking Muslim community (Torbeshi)in North Macedonia. 

  Keywords: Torbeshi, Macedonian- Muslims, Turks, Albanians, Macedonian. 

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  8.Some Archive Documents related to carpets subjects to Ottoman Archives                    Finance Records
                                                         By Assist. Prof Ahmet AYTAÇ,Ph.D.  

    Abstract:   

   Itis a fact that after the invention of writing in human history, all kinds of documents with archival properties have become important. It developed by writing on rocks and tablets and then on paper. Archive records are like the memories of nations .During the Ottoman Empire, which lasted approximately 600 years, more than a hundred million documents were classified and kept as archive documents. Finance and accounting transactions of individuals, commercial and non-governmental organizations and states have been important throughout history. There are many archive documents in the state's financial records regarding carpet weaving, which was an important art and business branch during the Ottoman Empire. Among these documents, archive records reveal important issues such as the state paying for the carpets needed for palaces and places of worship from the state coffers, and providing incentive tax deductions and loans to the carpet industry. In the article, some documents containing finance and tax issues related to carpet weaving in the Ottoman archive documents will be examined. 

      Keywords:Ottoman,finance, accounting, archive, carpet. 

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   9.  Actions and military exploits of the Great Albanian King Javanshir and his                                      contribution to the history of Azerbaijan Statehood

                                                                       By Prof. Kubra Aliyeva,Ph.D 

      As its known, Albania was one of the most ancient states on the territory of present-day Azerbaijan. This state was created in the ancient period - in III century BC and existed until the end of the VIII century AD. “In the period of antiquity and the early Middle Ages, the political boundaries of the Albanian state were not changed andit was located on the territory of modern Azerbaijan, the formation of the Albanian ethnic society also took place in that state. It means, that ancient Albans were one of the ancestors of the Azerbaijani people. " (6.page 3)              
     Caucasian Albania was one of the first countries all over the world which adopted Christianity. Doctor of Historical Sciences, Corresponding Member of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences Farida Mammadova, investigated the “political history and historical geography of Caucasian Albania” and proved that “Christianity in Albania passed through two stages. The first stage was apostolic, Syrophilic one, and the second was Grecophilic stage.    

    Keywords: Javanshir, Musa Kalankatuylu, Davdack, Varaz-Grigor, Caucasian Albania.

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   10.   The Bipolar Nature of Digital Diplomacy: Balancing Threats and Security 

                                              by    Mariam Bregvadze

     
      Abstract   

    Digital diplomacy, which is gaining traction alongside the development of the Internet, is critical for any state and its diplomatic ties. However, there are questions about how well the privacy of their connection is safeguarded and how breaking this privacy threatens national security.

  Diplomacy, as a technique of establishing international connections and effectively implementing them, has changed international relations between states as a result of digital technological advancement. As a result, technical developments have covered all aspects of international interactions, including diplomacy. To avoid more problems, it is in the best interests of any state to secure its state affairs to the greatest extent possible. Today, everything is based on digital broadcasting, which, on the one hand, enables inter-state contact while, on the other, jeopardizes the security of information conveyed via digital tools.

  The article will examine the perils of digital diplomacy and whether itis a tool for ensuring security in international relations. Based on a comparative analysis, we examine the activities of various nations and explore the factors that make digital diplomacy a threat to the states unions. In the end, we will offer the readers recommendations that will avoid the use of digital diplomacy as a possible violator of state or international security.     

    Keywords: Digital diplomacy, States Security, Cyber Security, International Relations. 

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